Genetic engineering has been applied in numerous fields including research, medicine, industrial biotechnology and agriculture. In 2016 salmon modified with a growth hormone were sold. GloFish, the first GMO designed as a pet, was sold in the United States in December 2003. The Flavr Savr was engineered to have a longer shelf life, but most current GM crops are modified to increase resistance to insects and herbicides. Genetically modified food has been sold since 1994, with the release of the Flavr Savr tomato. Genetically engineered human insulin was produced in 1978 and insulin-producing bacteria were commercialised in 1982. The first company to focus on genetic engineering, Genentech, was founded in 1976 and started the production of human proteins. Rudolf Jaenisch created the first GM animal when he inserted foreign DNA into a mouse in 1974. The first GMO was a bacterium generated by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973. Īn organism that is generated through genetic engineering is considered to be genetically modified (GM) and the resulting entity is a genetically modified organism (GMO). The new DNA can be inserted randomly, or targeted to a specific part of the genome. As well as inserting genes, the process can be used to remove, or " knock out", genes. The first recombinant DNA molecule was made by Paul Berg in 1972 by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with the lambda virus.
A construct is usually created and used to insert this DNA into the host organism. New DNA is obtained by either isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using recombinant DNA methods or by artificially synthesising the DNA. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms.
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology.
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